ekonomi koperasi

A. Jenis-jenis koperasi

1. Koperasi komsumsi
Koperasi komsumsi adalah usaha bersama di bidang ekonomi. Tujuannya membantu , mendidik dan melayani para anggotanya dengan jalan menyediakan barang-barang komsumsi bagi anggotanya. Koperasi komsumsi bertujuan agar para anggotanya dapat membeli barang barang komsumsi dengan kualitas yang baik dengan hara yang layak dan terjangkau.
2. Koperasi produksi
Koperasi produksi adalah koperasi yang terdiri atas orang-orang yang mampu menghasilkan barang dengan maksud untuk memperlancar atau meningkatkan hasil produksi mereka.
3. Koperasi kredit atau simpan pinjam
Koperasi kredit atau simpan pinjam adalah koperasi yang didirikan guna menolong anggotanya dengan meminjamkan uang atau kredit dengan bunga ringan. Uang itu dimaksudkan untuk tujuan produktif atau kesehjateraan anggotanya.
4. Koperasi jasa
Koperasi jasa adalah koperasi yang didirikan untuk memberikan pelayanan atau jasa kepada para anggotanya, contoh koperasi angkutan, koperasi perlistrikan dan sebagainya.
5. Koperasi serba usaha
Koperasi serba usaha adalah koperasi yang melakukan berbagai usaha di berbagai segi ekonomi , seperti bidang produksi, konsumsi, perkereditan, dan jasa. Contohnya KUD.

B. Permodalan Koperasi
 

Konsep Modal:

• Modal merupakan sejumlah dana yang akan digunakan untuk melaksanakan usaha – usaha koperasi.

- Modal jangka panjang

- Modal jangka pendek
• Koperasi harus mempunyai rencana pembelanjaan yang konsisten.

SUMBER – SUMBER MODAL KOPERASI

a. Sumber – sumber Modal Koperasi (UU NO.12/1967)
• Simpanan Pokok
• Simpanan Wajib
• Simpanan Sukarela
• Modal Sendiri
b. Sumber – Sumber Modal Koperasi (UU NO.25/1992)
• Modal Sendiri (equity capital)
• Modal Pinjaman (dept capital)


SUMBER – SUMBER MODAL KOPERASI (UU No. 25/1992)

1. Modal Sendiri (equity capital) , bersumber dari simpanan pokok anggota, simpanan wajib, dana cadangan, dan donasi/ hibah.
2. Modal Pinjaman (dept capital), bersumber dari anggota, koperasi lainnya, bank atau lembaga keuangan lainnya, penerbitan obligasi dan surat hutang lainnya, serta sumber lain yang sah.

DISTRIBUSI CADANGAN KOPERASI

• Cadangan menurut UU No.25/1992 adalah sejumlah uang yang diperoleh dari penyisihan sisa hasil usaha yang dimasukan untuk memupuk modal sendiri dan untuk menutup kerugian koperasi bila diperlukan.
• Sesuai anggaran dasar yang menunjuk pada UU No. 12/1967 menentukan bahwa 25% dari SHU yang diperoleh dari usaha anggota di sisihkan untuk cadangan , sedangkan SHU yang berasal bukan dari usaha anggota sebesar 60% disisihkan untuk cadangan.

MANFAAT DISTRIBUSI CADANGAN

• Memenuhi kewajiban tertentu
• Meningkatkan jumlah operating capital koperasi
• Sebagai jaminan untuk kemungkinan – kemungkinan rugi di kemudian hari
• Perluasan usaha 

C. Peran dan Tugas Koperasi / Koprasi

1. Meningkatkan tarah hidup sederhana masyarakat indonesia
2. Mengembangkan demokrasi ekonomi di indonesia
3. Mewujudkan pendapatan masyarakat yang adil dan merata dengan cara menyatukan, membina, dan mengembangkan setiap potensi yang ada

 

 

Sumber: google

ekonomi koperasi

A.  SEJARAH  KOPERASI DI  INDONESIA

Koperasi pertama kali dicetuskan oleh Rochdale dari inggris, pada tanggal 21 Desember 1944. Sedangkan di Indonesia, koperasi dirintis oleh R. Ariswiriatmadja, seorang patih dari Purwokerto, pada tahun 1891, dalam bentuk usaha simpan pinjam. Tujuan utamanya pada waktu itu adalah untuk membebaskan pegawai pemerintah dari cengkeraman lintah darat.

Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar  1945, pasal 33 ayat 1, koperasi dinyatakan sebagai bentuk usaha yang paling sesuai untuk Indonesia. Kongres Koperasi I diadakan pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947 di Tasikmalaya. Tanggal tersebut kemudian ditetapkan menjadi Hari Koperasi Indonesia. Pada kongres II di Bandung pada tahun 1950, Bung Hatta dinobatkan sebagai Bapak Koperasi Indonesia dan pada tanggal 9 Februari 1970 dibentuklah Dewan Koperasi Indonesia yang disingkat Dekopin.

1. Pengertian Koperasi

Secara etimologis, koperasi berasal dari bahasa Inggris, yaitu Cooperation. Coberarti bersama-sama, sedangkan operation berarti usaha untuk mencapai tujuan. Jadi koperasi dapat diartikan sebagai usaha bersama untuk mencapai tujuan. Usaha yang dimaksud adalah usaha bersama di bidang ekonomi, sedangkan yang dimaksud mencapai suatu tujuan adalah untuk mencapai atau meningkatkan kesejahteraan anggotanya.

Pengertian ini senada dengan penjelasan UU. No 12 Tahun 1967 tentang Pokok-pokok Perkoperasian, yang menyatakan koperasi adalah kumpulan dari orang-orang yang secara bersama-sama bergotong royong berdasarkan persamaan, bekerja untuk memajukan kepentingan-kepentingan ekonomi mereka dan kepentingan masyarakat.

B. SEJARAH DAN PRINSIP DASAR KOPERASI

Koperasi adalah organisasi bisnis yang dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh orang-seorang demi kepentingan bersama. Koperasi melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.

Prinsip koperasi adalah suatu sistem ide-ide abstrak yang merupakan petunjuk untuk membangun koperasi yang efektif dan tahan lama. prinsip koperasi terbaru yang dikembangkan International Cooperative Alliance (Federasi koperasi non-pemerintah internasional) adalah keanggotaan yang bersifat terbuka dan sukarela, pengelolaan yang demokratis, partisipasi anggota dalam [ekonomi]], kebebasan dan otonomi, serta pengembangan pendidikan, pelatihan, dan informasi.

C. TUJUAN KOPERASI

Landasan, Asas, dan Tujuan Koperasi Indonesia sebagaimana diatur dalam UU 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian, dijelaskan pada bab II dalam dua pasal. Landasan dan asas koperasi dijelaskan dalam pasal 2, dan tujuan koperasi dijelaskan dalam pasal 3.

Berikut kutipan bunyi lengkap pasal dimaksud.

Pasal 2 : Koperasi berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 atas asas kekeluargaan.

 Pasal 3 : Koperasi bertujuan memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perkeonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil, dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.

Tujuan Koperasi :

Tujuan utama Koperasi Indonesia adalah mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggota, pada khususnya, dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Koperasi Indonesia adalah perkumpulan orang-orang, bukan perkumpulan modal sehingga laba bukan merupakan ukuran utama kesejahteraan anggota. Manfaat yang diterima anggota lebih diutamakan daripada laba. Meskipun demikian harus diusahakan agar koperasi tidak menderita rugi. Tujuan ini dicapai dengan karya dan jasa yang disumbangkan pada masing-masing anggota.

“Keanggotaan Koperasi Indonesia bersifat sukarela dan didasarkan atas kepentingan bersama sebagai pelaku ekonomi. Melalui koperasi, para anggota ikut, secara aktif memperbaiki kehidupannya dan kehidupan masyarakat melalui karya dan jasa yang disumbangkan. Dalam usahanya, koperasi akan lebih menekankan pada pelayanan terhadap kepentingan anggota, baik sebagai produsen maupun konsumen. Kegiatan koperasi akan lebih banyak dilakukan kepada anggota dibandingkan dengan pihak luar. Oleh karena itu, anggota dalam koperasi, bertindak sebagai pemilik sekaligus pelanggan.”(SAK,1996:27.1)

Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 Pasal 3 tujuan koperasi Indonesia adalah “koperasi bertujuan memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945”.

D. FUNGSI KOPERASI

a. Fungsi Koperasi / Koprasi

1. Sebagai urat nadi kegiatan perekonomian indonesia
2. Sebagai upaya mendemokrasikan sosial ekonomi indonesia
3. Untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan warga negara indonesia
4. Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat indonesia dengan jalan pembinaan koperasi

b. Peran dan Tugas Koperasi / Koprasi

1. Meningkatkan tarah hidup sederhana masyarakat indonesia
2. Mengembangkan demokrasi ekonomi di indonesia
3. Mewujudkan pendapatan masyarakat yang adil dan merata dengan cara menyatukan, membina, dan mengembangkan setiap potensi yang ada

The Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense - When to use

The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. An example is "I have eaten" (so I'm not hungry). Depending on the specific language, the events described by present perfects are not necessarily completed, as in "I have been eating" or "I have lived here for five years."

The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past participle "eaten" is the main verb. The two verbs are sometimes labeled "V1" and "V2" in grammar instruction.


Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S + V3

1.
We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences. It is important if we have done it in our lives or not. It is not important when we did it.

Examples
I have been abroad two times.
Anna has never broken a leg.
Have you ever eaten sushi?

Tip! We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience.
2.

We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action which started in the past and continuous up to now.

Examples
I have been a teacher for more than ten years.
We haven't seen Janine since Friday.
How long have you been at this school?

Tip! We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted.
3.

We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past action that has the result in the present.

Examples
I have lost my wallet. = I don't have it now.
Jimmy has gone to South America. = He isn't here now.
Have you finished your homework? = Is your homework ready?

Tip! We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the past with the result in the present.

Bluebird

Bluebird


Eastern bluebirds are known for their vibrant coloring and sweet songs.
Photograph by Richard Day/Animals Animals—Earth Scenes
Map

Bluebird Range
Audio
Fast Facts
Type:
Bird
Diet:
Omnivore
Average life span in the wild:
6 to 10 years
Size:
6.5 to 8.5 in (16.5 to 19 cm)
Weight:
0.84 to 1.09 oz (24 to 31 g)
Group name:
Flock
Size relative to a tea cup:

There are three species of these colorful North American birds. Eastern and western bluebirds have a reddish brown breast, which contrasts with their predominately blue plumage. Their relative, the (male) mountain bluebird is entirely blue.
Eastern bluebirds are primarily found east of the Rockies, and range from Canada to Mexico and Honduras. They are much admired for their lovely coloring and for a distinctive song that many hear as "chur-lee, chur-lee." The eastern bluebird is the state bird of both New York and Missouri.
Western bluebirds are found west of the Rocky Mountains from Canada to Mexico. The mountain bluebird also inhabits much of western North America—often at elevations above 7,000 feet (2,133 meters).
Bluebirds eat small fruits and hunt insects, spiders, and other creatures from above. The birds perch, watch, and then swoop to the ground to pounce on their prey.
Pairs mate in spring and summer, when they construct small, bowl-shaped nests. Females lay four or five eggs and incubate them for about two weeks. Young remain in the nest, cared for by both parents, for an additional 15 to 20 days. Bluebirds often have two broods in a season. Sometimes, a young bluebird from the first brood will remain in the nest and assist its parents in caring for the second.
Bluebirds living in higher latitudes may head south if food becomes scarce or temperatures too cold. Mountain bluebirds typically migrate to lower elevations during the same lean seasons.
Bluebirds are considered fairly common, but their numbers have declined substantially during the last century. Populations have been given a boost by the birdhouse boxes that have become popular in many parks and backyards.

CLEAN WATER

CLEAN WATER

People, when and wherever they are, cannot live without water. They need water for dringking, cooking, bathing, etc. They need it for their daily lives. A man should drink more or less five litters of water everyday.
Since water is very important both for domestic need as mentioned above, and industrial need, people should keep their environments and avoid them from pollution, esprcially that concerns with the source of clean water. If it is polluted, diseases are easy to attack people.
There are two sources of water. The first one is ground water. Which is usually clean, especially when the source is far from industrial centre. In villages, people dig wells everywhere to fulfill their daily needs of clean water. It is easy for them to live near a large forest of a jungle in order to get clean water. A dense forest or jungle with many roots and humus keeps and spings a lot of water needed by people.
In cities, it is more expensive to getground water because people should drill and set a pump. Sometimes, they run the risk of getting polluted water of the indusrial waste.
Surface water from a river, a lake or a damp is processed by a water company. It is a distributed to houses, factories, hotels, through long pipes.

TOURISM SPOTS

TOURISM SPOTS

During the last two decades of 20th century, Indonesian tourism was really a good business. A lot of foreigners from many countries find Indonesia as a very nice place to visit because there are many interesting places to enjoy such as Bali, Borobudur, Ancol, Yogyakarta Palace, Lake Toba, Mount Bromo, West Sumatra, etc.
Ancol, in North Jakarta, is very popular. It offers attractive entertainments such as dancing, music, animals show, beach, swimming pool, etc. Dufan display fantastic entertainments.
Tugu Monas (National Monument), at the center of Merdeka Square in Central Jakarta, is well-known. It is 137 meters high. On the top there is a special structure of fire flame which is made of alloy coated with pure gold of 35 kilogramme weight. The Indonesian stuggle and spirit of independence are symbolised by the flame. The picture of the Indonesian heroes are displayed at the base of the Monument.
Lake Toba is an interesting mountain resort with Samosir island in the middle. It is located in the center of he Bukit Barisan mountain range in North Sumatra.
Borobudur is a gigantic shrine of Buddhism in Central Java. It lies in north-west of Yogyakarta. It is also well-known as one of the seven world miracle.
Some people say that Bali is the heaven of the world because of its nice places to visit. The Balinese tradition is unique and interesting. Its culture is influenced by Balinese Hinduism. Balinese traditional customs is family and community life are influenced by the religion, Balinese Hinduism.
There are many small islands in Maluku with nice beaches. Magnificent underwater gardens can be found there. People can see great varieties of colour fishes through glass installed at the bottom of boats or by diving.
There are still many interesting places in Indonesia, such as Bogor Botanical Garden, Tangkuban Perahu creater, Parang Tritis beach, etc.

TELEVISION

TELEVISION

Not only citizens but also villagers today have television set. When we visit villages, there are only few homes that do not have it. Television has become an assential part of our daily life. It informs the current news of the day, domestically and internationally. Many important events are reported to the nations a few seconds after they happen such as traffic accident, riot, fire, flood, etc.
Television also entertains us with songs, dancer, films and magic shows. The great events like sports, festivals and traditional ceremonies and performance include its programme. Television entertains the children, women and people from walks of life.
As a major instrument of communication, television permits us to speak with the performenrs from distance. As audience, we can send messages and report anything happens directly. In addition, we can debate with the presenter about something we disagree. The debate programme seems to be one of favorite programme that audience like.
It is obvious that teleision programme favours the audience from children to old people. But indirectly, it makes some people including children become lazy. They can sit in front of television for hours and forget to do their work. Children will have no more time to study, and as a result, they fail their tests. In this case, audience must be wise and selective when they watch television.
It is possible that television was invented in 1900s, when people learened how to send comminication signal through the air as electro magnetic waves and take pictures in the dark. It is a pity that no one can be called the inventor of television because many scientists contributed to the delelopment of television. Now, the improvement of television is going on, so that the reception will be as perfect as possible.